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5 aliments à éviter durant la grossesse

5 foods to avoid during pregnancy

Pregnancy comes with its share of restrictions, or at least warnings about certain foods. We know, for example, that care must be taken with raw meat or fish and soft-rind cheeses, as they can contain bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella.

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Pregnancy comes with its share of restrictions, or at least cautions around certain foods. We know, for example, that care should be taken with raw meat or fish, and soft cheeses, as they can contain bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella. Today we're talking about 5 foods that are best consumed in moderation during pregnancy, including two (foie gras and smoked salmon) that often appear on festive tables. Let's take a closer look!
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1 cas d’infection sur 5 millions de femmes enceintes pour les fromages à pâte molle

Smoked salmon

What is the problem?

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is often harmless in healthy adults. However, listeriosis is dangerous for pregnant women, whose immune system is weakened during pregnancy.

Listeriosis generally presents with flu-like symptoms: fever, chills, fatigue, headaches and muscle or joint pain. In rarer cases, digestive symptoms may occur (e.g. nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation).

A relatively rare infection

In a study on pregnant women, they showed that there was 1 case of Listeria infection per 83,000 following consumption of deli meats, and 1 case per 5 million for soft cheeses [1]. 

Therefore, if foods are handled and stored correctly, the risk of Listeria infection appears to be low. As a result, pregnant women do not need to avoid smoked salmon, as long as it is consumed in moderation and the source is reliable [2]. 
 

What are the consequences of contamination during pregnancy?

Even though the risk of Listeria food poisoning remains relatively low, the consequences of such an infection are serious for pregnant women. Listeriosis can cause miscarriage (in the first trimester), premature birth, stillbirth, respiratory distress, or a serious infection in the baby, such as meningitis or septicaemia [3]. 

What to do in practice?

It is important to check the origin of smoked salmon during pregnancy, ensure it is properly stored, and consume it quickly after purchase.

Smoked salmon is only considered safe if it is tinned or sold vacuum-packed at room temperature (pasteurised).

For all other types of smoked salmon (cold-smoked or hot-smoked), there is a risk of listeria contamination during preparation and storage. Seafood products sold for human consumption are subject to microbial contamination screening, which increases the safety of commercially available products.

Cold-smoked: the smoking temperature rarely exceeds 30°. The flesh is that of a raw fish. There is therefore a risk of contamination by parasites or bacteria (if handled incorrectly).

Hot-smoked: this time, the temperature exceeds 55° to 60°. Some manufacturers go as high as 80°. However, when stored in the cold, bacteria can develop on it after cooking. The risks here are linked to storage rather than to the preparation itself.

We recommend cooking it (until it reaches an internal temperature of 74°C). Listeria survives and grows at cold temperatures, but is destroyed by cooking.

Please note that listeria grows at refrigerator temperature, survives freezing and is only destroyed by cooking[4]. The pathogens responsible for listeriosis can survive freezing.

The risk is present if the fish has not been handled correctly.

Pour en savoir plus, retrouvez notre article complet saumon fumé enceinte.

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Certain fish

Certain fish can contain high levels of methylmercury, which vary notably depending on the species or the fishing location. Methylmercury has a toxic effect on foetal development (demonstrated by experimental or accidental data from very high exposure levels). 

Did you know?

On entend souvent qu’il ne faut pas consommer de foie pendant la grossesse. En réalité, cela dépend du type de foie et de la quantité consommée. Par exemple, 40g de foie de poulet apporte 1592 ug de rétinol, ce qui est ok. 

Large fish such as swordfish, marlin and shark [5] should be eliminated entirely from the diet, and tuna consumption should be limited. Farmed or Baltic salmon (high in toxins) should be avoided in favour of wild salmon (Atlantic or Pacific). Opt for small fish instead, such as anchovies, sardines or mackerel.

Les crustacés crus ne doivent jamais être mangés enceinte, sans exception. On peut consommer des crevettes, homards ou noix de saint jacques si on est sûre qu'ils ont été bien cuits. On évite de les acheter pas pré-cuits, on préfèrera les acheter frais ou congelés et les cuire soi-même.

Le tarama, les œufs de lump ou le caviar sont ok si vous les avez cuits. En l'état, c'est à éviter car ils pourraient être contaminés par la listeria ou la toxoplasmose.

Pour en savoir plus, allez voir notre article poissons et grossesse.

Les petits poissons gras sont quant à eux à privilégier pendant la grossesse. Ils sont très riche en oméga 3 DHA, indispensable pour le bon développement du cerveau et de la vision du foetus. 

Notre complément oméga 3 grossesse Omega Mama aidera à combler vos apports en ce nutriments. 

Et pour un apport complet, vous pouvez prendre un multivitamines qui contient déjà des oméga 3. Attention toutefois, les meilleurs compléments alimentaires grossesse séparent les oméga 3 des autres composés, pour garantir leur stabilité, comme dans le complément Baby bump. 

Take Care Mama

Il faut faire attention à l’hygiène des produits que vous consommez, au-delà de ceux qui sont interdits. Par exemple, nous vous conseillons de ne pas acheter de fruits et légumes pré-coupés, car ils sont plus susceptibles d’être contaminés par des pathogènes

The liver

Quel est le problème ?

Le foie des animaux ou des poissons est très riche en rétinol, une substance tératogène qui augmente le risque de malformations chez le fœtus si la mère en consomme en trop grande quantité, notamment s’il est consommé au premier trimestre de grossesse. L’ANSES a donné comme limite supérieure de sécurité une consommation quotidienne de 3000 ug/j. Si on est enceinte, on doit donc faire attention à sa consommation de foie. 

Qu’est ce qu’on fait ?

Cependant, le foie a des avantages : il est riche en vitamines du groupe B et en choline ! Pour faire le plein de ce nutriment sans risque, notre complément choline grossesse est idéal. 
 

Par ailleurs, une étude a fait l’observation de réserves en vitamine A très faibles chez des femmes enceintes et allaitantes à risque de déficience en vitamines et minéraux (faible revenu, grossesses rapprochées, grossesse multiple ou allaitement pendant la grossesse). Une déficience en vitamine A pourrait augmenter le risque d’anémie chez la mère et les risques d’impacts négatifs chez le fœtus[6].

Some fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamin A, but in the form of provitamin A (carotenoids, including beta-carotene). A high intake of beta-carotene does not lead to excessive conversion into vitamin A, as the body eliminates the surplus[7].

40g of cod liver provides 1668 µg of retinol
40g of chicken liver provides 1592 µg of retinol
40g of rabbit liver provides 1812 µg of retinol

40 g of veal liver provides 4,200 µg of retinol, which exceeds the safety limit!
40 g of heifer liver provides 3,092 µg of retinol
40 g of turkey liver provides 4,320 µg of retinol
40 g of raw lamb liver provides 3,052 µg of retinol

You can eat foie gras during pregnancy in very small quantities (once over the festive period, a small portion), but not just any kind: only the sterilised tinned variety. Other forms should be avoided due to the risk of listeria.

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Papaya (not fully ripe)

La papaye est souvent citée parmi les fruits non recommandés aux femmes enceintes, car elle provoquerait des fausses couches. Qu’en est-il vraiment ?

Quel est le problème ?

Des études ont montré que le latex brut de papaye et ses protéases comme la papaïne et la chymopapaïne sont de puissants contractants utérins. Le latex brut de papaye induit une contraction spasmodique des muscles utérins semblable à celle de l'oxytocine et de la prostaglandine F2 sur l'utérus de rattes à différents stades de gestation[8]. Mais les résultats concernent spécifiquement la papaye non mûre ou semi-mûre qui contient une forte concentration de latex.

Qu’est ce qu’on fait ?

On évite de manger des papaye non mûres durant la grossesse.

Et l’ananas ?

Selon les croyances populaires, la consommation d’ananas pourrait raccourcir le col et favoriser un déclenchement de l’accouchement. Il serait d’ailleurs dangereux d’en consommer pendant la grossesse pour éviter des contractions. 

Pregnancy food challenge

Our step-by-step advice for your diet during pregnancy

5 foods to avoid during pregnancy

Raw sprouted seeds

What is the problem?

Raw sprouted beans and seeds (alfalfa, bean sprouts, soy sprouts, onion, clover, broccoli, radish, and mung bean sprouts) are not recommended during pregnancy, as they carry a risk of food poisoning, most commonly caused by Salmonella or E. coli.

Bacteria can enter sprouted seeds through cracks in the shell before the sprouts are grown. Once inside, they are very difficult to remove, even when rinsed under water or washed with soap. What's more, compared to other plant-based foods, sprouted foods require warm, humid conditions to grow, which further encourages bacterial growth.

What should you do?

Avoid eating sprouted seeds during pregnancy.

Please note! Simply heating them is not enough to destroy bacteria. It is important to cook them thoroughly (you should see steam rising during cooking). Check sandwiches and salads bought outside the home, as they often contain sprouted seeds — ask for them to be prepared without.

Jolly tips

When fruits and vegetables are peeled, pressed, or cut, harmful bacteria can get inside.

Wash your fruit and vegetables thoroughly, even if you're not eating the skin or peel!

Liquorice (in large quantities)

What is the issue?

Glycyrrhizin is the active compound in liquorice, known for its sweet flavour, which is why it is used as a sweetener. It may be harmful during pregnancy when consumed in high doses.

This 2017 Finnish study[9] followed 378 children born in 1998 for over 12 years, whose mothers had consumed large quantities of glycyrrhizin. The study found a link between earlier onset of puberty in baby girls and high liquorice consumption by their mothers during pregnancy.

It also highlighted consequences for children's brain development, including reduced cognitive abilities and memory, and a higher risk of attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity.

What do we do?

Avoid liquorice herbal teas or natural remedies containing liquorice, as these can contain high doses of glycyrrhizin. The occasional sweet is fine.

Please note that consuming too much liquorice can be problematic for everyone, not just pregnant women (raised blood pressure, arrhythmia [10]).

I'm pregnant and I've already eaten these foods. What should I do?

Mama, si tu es enceinte, et si tu les as consommées durant ta grossesse, no panic. Évite les simplement à l’avenir.

Il existe d'autres précautions à prendre, avec des aliments qui ne sont pas obligatoirement à banir mais pour lesquels il vaut mieux limiter sa consommation au maximum. On pense à : soja et grossesse, café et grossesse, etc. 

On fait également attention à la cuisson de ses aliments. On les cuits bien à coeur. Par exemple, le barbecue enceinte est possible mais si on respecte bien certaines règles (cuisson, etc).  

[1] Adrienne Einarson et al., « Food-borne illnesses during pregnancy », Canadian Family Physician 56, nᵒ 9 (septembre 2010): 869‑70.

[2] Tam, Carolyn, Aida Erebara, et Adrienne Einarson. 2010. « Food-borne illnesses during pregnancy ». Canadian Family Physician 56 (4): 341‑43.

[3] Wang, Zhaoyun, Xiaojing Tao, Shan Liu, Yutong Zhao, et Xiuhua Yang. 2021. « An Update Review on Listeria Infection in Pregnancy ». Infection and Drug Resistance 14 (mai): 1967‑78. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S313675.

[4] Pasteur, recommandations sur la listéria

[5] Livret accompagnement grossesse, AFSSA

[6] Manuela Strobel, Jana Tinz, et Hans-Konrad Biesalski, « The Importance of Beta-Carotene as a Source of Vitamin A with Special Regard to Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women », European Journal of Nutrition 46 Suppl 1 (juillet 2007): I1-20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-007-1001-z.

[7] Livret accompagnement grossesse, AFSSA

[8] Adebowale Adebiyi, P. Ganesan Adaikan, et R. N. V. Prasad, Papaya (Carica Papaya) Consumption Is Unsafe in Pregnancy: Fact or Fable? Scientific Evaluation of a Common Belief in Some Parts of Asia Using a Rat Model, The British Journal of Nutrition 88, no 2 (août 2002): 199‑203, https://doi.org/10.1079/BJNBJN2002598.

[9] Katri Räikkönen et al., « Maternal Licorice Consumption During Pregnancy and Pubertal, Cognitive, and Psychiatric Outcomes in Children », American Journal of Epidemiology 185, no 5 (1 mars 2017): 317‑28, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww172.

[10] NHS Uk, Eating too much black liquorice might be bad for you

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