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Choline et grossesse : l'importance de ce nutriment essentiel

Choline and pregnancy: the importance of this essential nutrient

Choline was officially recognised as an essential nutrient by the Institute of Medicine in 1998! It is all the more essential during pregnancy.

Contents

La choline a été officiellement reconnue comme un nutriment essentiel par l'Institut de médecine en 1998 !

Son rôle dans l'organisme est complexe. Elle est nécessaire à la synthèse des neurotransmetteurs (qui permettent la transmission des informations entre les cellules nerveuses), au transport des lipides et au métabolisme du groupe méthyle (réduction de l'homocystéine). La choline est nécessaire à la fabrication des phospholipides, composants essentiels de toutes les membranes [1].

Did you know?

Les besoins réels en choline seraient 2 fois supérieurs aux recommandations ! 
Une carence en choline entraîne une déficience en folates. 
La supplémentation combinée en DHA et en choline augmente le DHA à des niveaux significativement plus élevés que la supplémentation en DHA seul.

Increased choline needs during pregnancy

L’apport satisfaisant en choline est de 400 mg/j pour les femmes et de 480 mg/j pour les femmes enceintes [2].
En France, les femmes consomment en moyenne 291 mg de choline par jour, ce qui est bien en dessous de l’apport satisfaisant [3]!

Le transport de la choline de la mère au fœtus épuise la choline du plasma maternel chez les êtres humains. 
La production de choline par le corps est faible, mais elle augmente en présence d'œstrogènes. Pendant la grossesse, les concentrations d'œstrogènes augmentent de façon spectaculaire à terme. Cependant, malgré la capacité potentiellement accrue de l'organisme à synthétiser la choline dû à la hausse des oestrogènes, les données suggèrent que la demande du fœtus et du nourrisson est si élevée que les réserves maternelles sont épuisées pendant la grossesse et l’allaitement [4].

Par ailleurs, les dernières données suggèrent que des apports en choline seraient près de DEUX fois supérieurs aux recommandations actuelles (930 mg contre 480 mg) pendant la grossesse [5]! C'est un vitamine compatible grossesse mais surtout indispensable.

Why this product?

Choline Mama provides a daily intake of 370 mg of choline (93% of daily needs), an essential nutrient during pregnancy.

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Choline Mama

Choline supplement for pregnancy

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Patented choline bitartrate Vitacholine®

Highly bioavailable form

370 mg of choline per day (93% of pregnancy requirements)

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What are the risks of insufficient choline intake during pregnancy?

In cooking

Consommez des œufs, qui permettent un bon apport en choline et oméga 3. La cuisson diminue la teneur en choline. Maman enceinte, vous pouvez consommer des œufs coulants, les bénéfices sont supérieurs aux potentiels risques.

Hyperhomocysteinaemia — an excess of homocysteine — is a condition associated with neural tube defects and congenital heart malformations, which result from abnormal development of the neural tube or the heart [6]. Choline may play a role in reducing neural tube defects by lowering homocysteine levels. Optimal choline intake is therefore important even before pregnancy (and not only vitamin B9), as neural tube defects develop within the first month of pregnancy. 

In an observational study of women who had children affected by neural tube defects, compared with women whose children were unaffected, researchers noted a reduction in the risk of a pregnancy affected by a neural tube defect with higher periconceptional choline intakes (corresponding to adequate intake levels) for all neural tube defects as well as for spina bifida and anencephaly. For choline intakes equal to or above recommended levels, a 51% reduction in the risk of neural tube defects was observed (compared with intakes below 300 mg) [7].

High maternal homocysteine concentrations are a risk factor for several adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, premature birth, and very low birth weight [8]. Choline contributes to lowering homocysteine levels.

A study examined the influence of maternal choline intake on the human placenta. Healthy pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive either 480 mg of choline/day or 930 mg/day for 12 weeks. A significant 30% reduction in the pre-eclampsia risk marker in placental tissues was observed in the group receiving 930 mg/day of choline compared to 480 mg/day. These findings indicate that supplementing the maternal diet with choline may reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia [9].

Another study giving the same doses of choline to 2 groups of pregnant women showed that an intake of 930 mg of choline per day reduced cortisol levels (the stress hormone) in umbilical cord plasma by 33%, which could reduce the risk of stress-related conditions later in life [10].

During the final stages of pregnancy, the brain's memory centre develops. In rodents that did not receive sufficient choline intake, a decline in memory was observed with ageing; however, offspring exposed to a choline supplement in utero did not show this change with age [11]. 

A human study showed the same results! Researchers examined the effects of maternal choline supplementation during pregnancy on infant cognition [5].
The mean reaction time, calculated across ages 4, 7, 10 and 13 months, was significantly faster in infants born to mothers who consumed 930 (versus 480) mg of choline per day. This finding indicates that maternal consumption of approximately twice the recommended amount of choline during the final trimester contributes to improved information processing speed in infants. 

Furthermore, in the group receiving 480 mg of choline per day, infants with longer exposure showed faster reaction times, suggesting that even modest increases in maternal choline intake during pregnancy may produce cognitive benefits for children.

Observational data have also shown that maternal choline intake within the adequate intake range during pregnancy was associated with better memory function in children at age 7, compared with children of mothers whose intake was approximately 50% of the recommended level [12].

What is the link between choline and folate (vitamin B9)?

Après l'ingestion, la choline est transformée en différents métabolites, tels que la bétaïne. La bétaïne participe au métabolisme dépendant des folates. Ainsi, les niveaux de choline et de folates sont étroitement liés, et les carences en l'un ou l'autre de ces composés peuvent aggraver l'état nutritionnel de l'autre [13].

Par exemple, une étude chez le rat a montré qu’un régime déficient en choline diminuait de 31% la teneur en folates dans le foie, en comparaison à des rats ayant un apport contrôlé en choline [14].
De même, chez la femme, une étude a montré qu’un apport déficient en folates entrainait une diminution de 25% des niveaux de choline [15].

De plus, une mutation du gène 677T MTHFR (qui permet de transformer les folates en leur forme active) peut affecter le statut en choline [16]. Or on estime qu’au moins 10% de la population aurait une mutation de ce gène [17] ! 

Choline et grossesse est donc aussi indispensable qu'acide folique et grossesse !

Pour faire le plein de vitamine B9, nos gummies grossesse ou notre snack grossesse sont idéaux. 

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Choline and DHA — is there a link?

Les résultats d'études soulignent des interactions potentielles entre les deux nutriments et leurs effets sur le métabolisme. Par exemple, la supplémentation en DHA augmente de manière significative l'absorption de choline cellulaire par rapport aux cellules cultivées sans supplément de DHA, ce qui démontre que le DHA peut avoir un impact sur le statut en choline [18].

Dans une étude portant sur la supplémentation en choline, avec un complément de DHA ou en solution saline de mères rates enceintes, les petits des groupes supplémentés en choline ou en DHA ont montré un nombre significativement plus élevé de neurones par rapport aux petits des groupes témoins non traités. La supplémentation combinée en choline et en DHA pendant la grossesse a encore amélioré le neurodéveloppement des rats par rapport au groupe témoin, ces effets étant meilleurs que la supplémentation en choline ou en DHA seuls [19].

Leur effet combiné a été prouvé dans une étude dans laquelle la supplémentation en DHA chez les rats augmentait significativement les taux de DHA dans le plasma et les globules rouges par rapport au contrôle, et que la supplémentation en choline seule augmentait significativement la choline libre du plasma, mais n'affectait pas les taux de DHA. Cependant, la supplémentation combinée en DHA et en choline a augmenté le DHA à des niveaux significativement plus élevés que la supplémentation en DHA seul, ce qui indique que l'impact de la supplémentation combinée en choline et en DHA sur les niveaux de DHA circulants est supérieur à un effet additif [20].

Le duo : notre oméga 3 grossesse Omega Mama + notre choline grossesse Choline mama. 

Baby bump, Bump essentials et Bump powder, notre gamme de complément alimentaire grossesse, contient de la choline !

Choline and pregnancy: the key nutrient too often overlooked

Discover why choline is essential for your baby's brain development.
A comprehensive ebook to understand its roles, find out where to source it and how to supplement effectively

Choline and pregnancy: the importance of this essential nutrient

How can you meet your choline needs during pregnancy?

Eggs are the best source of choline!

A 50 g egg contains 125 mg of choline [21], whilst a hard-boiled egg contains 115 mg of choline [21], as cooking reduces the nutrient content of eggs.

You can safely eat cooked eggs, but avoid raw eggs, which carry a higher risk of contamination. You can eat them runny, provided you choose organic, extra-fresh eggs and consume them promptly after purchase, as close to the laying date as possible.

The main risk of contamination from eggs is from the Salmonella bacterium. However, it is estimated that in the United States, for example, 1 egg in every 10,000 to 30,000 is contaminated [22]. And the risk is 7 times lower for organic, free-range eggs [23].

Bonus: Compared with eggs from caged hens, eggs from pasture-raised hens contain 2.5 times more total omega-3 fatty acids [24]!
Studies show that more than 50% of egg consumers have satisfactory choline intakes, compared with only 2% of those who do not eat them, and they have almost twice the choline status [25]. It appears difficult to achieve satisfactory choline intakes without consuming eggs.

Other sources of choline

Good quantities of choline are also found in liver, but consumption of certain types is not recommended during pregnancy due to their retinol content (even though poultry liver contains the least retinol).

Choline is found in a variety of foods other than eggs and liver, but in much smaller quantities, for example:
100 g of roast chicken provides 85.3 mg of choline
100 g of sunflower seeds contains 55.1 mg of choline  
100 g of almonds contains 52.1 mg of choline  
100 g of cauliflower contains 45.2 mg of choline  
100 g of shiitake mushrooms contains 36.8 mg of choline
100 g of beans contains 30.5 mg of choline
100 g of Brussels sprouts contains 19.1 mg of choline

In conclusion

Choline is particularly essential during pregnancy, and the estimated requirements may in fact be twice the recommended amounts!

Choline reduces, amongst other things, the risk of neural tube defects and pre-eclampsia, and adequate intake helps to maintain folate and DHA status.

Eggs are the best source of choline; some vegetables contain it too, but to a lesser extent — which is why it is all the more important to monitor your intake when following a vegan diet. 

Source 1 : Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Public Health, 2009

Source 2 : Les références nutritionnelles en vitamines et minéraux, ANSES, 2021

Source 3 : Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle, 2018

Source 4 : Choline, The Underconsumed and Underappreciated Essential Nutrient, 2018

Source 5 : Maternal choline supplementation improves infant information processing speed, 2018

Source 6 : Inhibiting MARSs reduces hyperhomocysteinemia‐associated neural tube and congenital heart defects, 2020

Source 7 : Periconceptional Dietary Intake of Choline and Betaine and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring, 2004

Source 8 : Choline and Homocysteine Interrelations in Umbilical Cord and Maternal Plasma, 2005

Source 9 : Higher Maternal Choline Intake Lowers SFLT1 Concentrations, 2013

Source 10 : Maternal Choline Intake Alters the Epigenetic State of Fetal Cortisol-Regulating Genes, 2012

Source 11 : Metabolic Imprinting of Choline During Gestation, 2003

Source 12 : Choline Intake during Pregnancy and Child Cognition at Age 7 Years, 2013

Source 13 : Plasma Kinetics of Choline and Choline Metabolites After Krill Oil or Bitartrate, 2019

Source 14 : Effects of Choline Deficiency and Methotrexate on Liver Folate, 1991

Source 15 : Folate Nutriture Alters Choline Status in Low Choline Diets, 1999

Source 16 : Homocysteine-Betaine Interactions in MTHFR Deficiency Model, 2003

Source 17 : RACGP - MTHFR Genetic Testing: Controversy and Clinical Implications, 2016

Source 18 : Effect of DHA on Membrane Function in Y-79 Cells, 1992

Source 19 : Combined Choline and DHA Supplementation Enhances Fetal Neurodevelopment, 2017

Source 20 : Dietary Crude Lecithin Increases DHA Bioavailability in Rats, 2016

Source 21 : NutritionData – Eggs and Dairy

Source 22 : Food-borne illnesses during pregnancy, 2010

Source 23 : Salmonella in Organic vs. Conventional Poultry Farms, 2010

Source 24 : Vitamins A, E and Fatty Acids in Eggs of Caged vs. Pastured Hens, 2010

Source 25 : Usual Choline Intakes Linked to Egg and Protein Food Consumption, 2017

[1] Steven H. Zeisel et Kerry-Ann da Costa, « Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Public Health », Nutrition reviews 67, no 11 (novembre 2009): 615‑23, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x.

[2] « Les références nutritionnelles en vitamines et minéraux », ANSES, mars 2021, https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/NUT2018SA0238Ra.pdf

[3] Alejandra M. Wiedeman et al., « Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle », Nutrients 10, no 10 (16 octobre 2018): 1513, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101513.

[4] Wallace, Taylor C., Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn, Marie A. Caudill, Kevin C. Klatt, Elana Natker, Steven H. Zeisel, et Kathleen M. Zelman. « Choline ». Nutrition Today 53, no 6 (2018): 240‑53. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000302

[5] Caudill, Marie A., Barbara J. Strupp, Laura Muscalu, Julie E. H. Nevins, et Richard L. Canfield. « Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study ». The FASEB Journal 32, no 4 (avril 2018): 2172‑80. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201700692RR.

[6] Xinyu Mei et al., « Inhibiting MARSs reduces hyperhomocysteinemia‐associated neural tube and congenital heart defects », EMBO Molecular Medicine 12, no 3 (6 mars 2020): e9469, https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.201809469.

[7] Gary M. Shaw et al., « Periconceptional Dietary Intake of Choline and Betaine and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring », American Journal of Epidemiology 160, no 2 (15 juillet 2004): 102‑9, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh187.

[8] Molloy, Anne M., James L. Mills, Christopher Cox, Sean F. Daly, Mary Conley, Lawrence C. Brody, Peadar N. Kirke, John M. Scott, et Per M. Ueland. « Choline and Homocysteine Interrelations in Umbilical Cord and Maternal Plasma at Delivery ». The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition82, no 4 (octobre 2005): 836‑42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/82.4.836.

[9] Jiang, Xinyin, Haim Y. Bar, Jian Yan, Sara Jones, Patsy M. Brannon, Allyson A. West, Cydne A. Perry, et al. « A Higher Maternal Choline Intake among Third-Trimester Pregnant Women Lowers Placental and Circulating Concentrations of the Antiangiogenic Factor Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1 (SFLT1) ». FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 27, no 3 (mars 2013): 1245‑53.https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-221648.

[10] Jiang, Xinyin, Jian Yan, Allyson A. West, Cydne A. Perry, Olga V. Malysheva, Srisatish Devapatla, Eva Pressman, Francoise Vermeylen, et Marie A. Caudill. « Maternal Choline Intake Alters the Epigenetic State of Fetal Cortisol-Regulating Genes in Humans ». FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 26, no 8 (août 2012): 3563‑74. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.12-207894.

[11] Meck, Warren H., et Christina L. Williams. « Metabolic Imprinting of Choline by Its Availability during Gestation: Implications for Memory and Attentional Processing across the Lifespan ». Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27, no 4 (septembre 2003): 385‑99.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00069-1.

[12] Boeke, Caroline E., Matthew W. Gillman, Michael D. Hughes, Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Eduardo Villamor, et Emily Oken. « Choline Intake during Pregnancy and Child Cognition at Age 7 Years ». American Journal of Epidemiology 177, no 12 (15 juin 2013): 1338‑47.https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws395.

[13] Yvonne Mödinger et al., « Plasma Kinetics of Choline and Choline Metabolites After A Single Dose of SuperbaBoostTM Krill Oil or Choline Bitartrate in Healthy Volunteers », Nutrients 11, no 10 (22 octobre 2019): 2548, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102548.

[14] Selhub, J., E. Seyoum, E. A. Pomfret, et S. H. Zeisel. « Effects of Choline Deficiency and Methotrexate Treatment upon Liver Folate Content and Distribution ». Cancer Research 51, no 1 (1 janvier 1991): 16‑21.

[15] Jacob, R. A., D. J. Jenden, M. A. Allman-Farinelli, et M. E. Swendseid. « Folate Nutriture Alters Choline Status of Women and Men Fed Low Choline Diets ». The Journal of Nutrition 129, no 3 (mars 1999): 712‑17. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/129.3.712.

[16] Schwahn, Bernd C., Zhoutao Chen, Maurice D. Laryea, Udo Wendel, Suzanne Lussier-Cacan, Jacques Genest, Mei-Heng Mar, et al. « Homocysteine-Betaine Interactions in a Murine Model of 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency ». FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 17, no 3 (mars 2003): 512‑14. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.02-0456fje.

[17] Practitioners, The Royal Australian College of General. 2016 « RACGP - MTHFR Genetic Testing: Controversy and Clinical Implications ».

[18] Treen, M., R. D. Uauy, D. M. Jameson, V. L. Thomas, et D. R. Hoffman. « Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Membrane Fluidity and Function in Intact Cultured Y-79 Retinoblastoma Cells ». Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 294, no 2 (1 mai 1992): 564‑70.https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90726-d.

[19] Thomas Rajarethnem, Huban, Kumar Megur Ramakrishna Bhat, Malsawmzuali Jc, Siva Kumar Gopalkrishnan, Ramesh Babu Mugundhu Gopalram, et Kiranmai Sesappa Rai. « Combined Supplementation of Choline and Docosahexaenoic Acid during Pregnancy Enhances Neurodevelopment of Fetal Hippocampus ». Neurology Research International 2017 (2017): 8748706. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8748706.

[20] Wijk, Nick van, Martin Balvers, Mehmet Cansev, Timothy J. Maher, John W. C. Sijben, et Laus M. Broersen. « Dietary Crude Lecithin Increases Systemic Availability of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid with Combined Intake in Rats ». Lipids 51, no 7 (juillet 2016): 833‑46.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-016-4139-8.

[21] https://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/dairy-and-egg-products/111/2

[22] Tam, Carolyn, Aida Erebara, et Adrienne Einarson. 2010. « Food-borne illnesses during pregnancy ». Canadian Family Physician 56 (4): 341‑43.

[23] Alali, Walid Q., Siddhartha Thakur, Roy D. Berghaus, Michael P. Martin, et Wondwossen A. Gebreyes. « Prevalence and Distribution of Salmonella in Organic and Conventional Broiler Poultry Farms ». Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7, no 11 (novembre 2010): 1363‑71.https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.0566.

[24] Karsten, H. D., P. H. Patterson, R. Stout, et G. Crews. « Vitamins A, E and Fatty Acid Composition of the Eggs of Caged Hens and Pastured Hens ». Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25, no 1 (mars 2010): 45‑54. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170509990214.

[25] Wallace, Taylor C., et Victor L. Fulgoni. « Usual Choline Intakes Are Associated with Egg and Protein Food Consumption in the United States ». Nutrients 9, no 8 (5 août 2017): 839. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080839.

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