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La douleur et la gestion de la douleur à l’accouchement

Pain and pain management during labour

As Ina May Gaskin says: "We are the ONLY species of mammal that doubts its ability to give birth. It is important to be aware of this."

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As Ina May Gaskin says: "We are the ONLY mammalian species that doubts its ability to give birth. It is important to be aware of this."

Childbirth can indeed cause intense pain, but this varies from woman to woman and depends on many factors. Nowadays it is entirely possible to manage labour pain, whether through natural or medical means.

Take care mama

Il est tout à fait normal et naturel d'appréhender la douleur qui accompagne l'accouchement. En cherchant du soutien et en vous y préparant, vous renforcerez votre confiance et votre capacité à faire face à ce moment unique ! 

Different perceptions of pain

The level of pain experienced by each expectant mother varies during labour (1). This highlights an individual pain perception influenced by many physiological and psychological factors, which are linked to how each person interprets the stimuli of labour (2): history of painful experiences (abdominal or perineal trauma), imagined experience of birth and maturity of that concept, anxiety, distress, physical and mental fatigue, and the influence of one's environment.

Pain perception differs, evolves throughout labour and varies from woman to woman (3). The main factors responsible for labour pain are: cervical dilation, contractions and uterine distension, distension of the birth canal and perineum, and the stretching or compression of surrounding anatomical structures such as the peritoneum, bladder, urethra, rectum or the roots of the lumbosacral plexus. 

Both non-pharmacological and pharmacological pain management strategies increase a woman's sense of control over pain. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has even issued recommendations for quality pain management during labour, highlighting the role of birth preparation in managing and coping with pain. 

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Mental and emotional preparation for managing pain

Preparing mentally and emotionally to manage pain during labour is an important step for expectant mothers. Here are some tips to help you with this preparation:

The Jolly tip

Se préparer mentalement et émotionnellement, s'informer des différentes options de soulagement de la douleur, avoir un plan de naissance et bénéficier du soutien de son partenaire sont de multiples conseils pour mieux gérer la douleur de l'accouchement.

Find out about the process of labour and the different methods of pain relief and pain management during birth preparation sessions. A better understanding of this can increase your confidence and your ability to manage pain.

Make sure your partner and the healthcare professionals supporting you on the day understand your preferences regarding pain management. Clear communication can strengthen your confidence and help you to overcome your fears about labour. 

Sentez-vous soutenue et réconfortée par une personne en qui vous avez confiance. Ce peut être votre partenaire, un membre de votre famille, une amie, ou encore une doula. Cette présence vous fera du bien et vous encouragera tout au long du processus de travail.

Write a birth plan that sets out your choices for pain management and other aspects of labour. This will help your medical team to better respond to your needs.

Every woman and every birth is unique, so trust your instincts and find what works best for you! 

Did you know?

Mobiliser et stimuler vos sens (toucher, ouïe, odorat) peuvent vous permettre de mieux appréhender la douleur de l'accouchement.

Managing pain naturally

La relaxation, les techniques de respiration, le positionnement, les massages, l'hydrothérapie et la musique sont autant de mesures non pharmacologiques que les femmes peuvent mettre en place dans le cadre d'un accouchement naturel afin d'appréhender au mieux la douleur. Ces méthodes sont moins coûteuses, plus simples, efficaces et sans effets indésirables.

Deep breathing is one of the relaxation techniques used to reduce pain and its intensity. By stimulating the central nervous system, breathing contributes to the production of endorphins by your body, which act as pain inhibitors (4). 

During painful contractions, it is common to tense up and hold your breath, which only intensifies the pain. By learning to breathe in a fluid, steady way, you will learn to release tension in your body, relax, and manage contractions more effectively. Antenatal classes during pregnancy are particularly beneficial in this regard, as they teach you breathing techniques tailored to labour.

According to one study, certain relaxation and massage techniques act as distractors to help reduce the pain associated with contractions, leading to greater satisfaction with pain relief (5).

During labour, massage carried out by your partner or a healthcare professional may help induce relaxation, reduce the severity of pain, relieve muscle spasms, channel the expectant mother's attention and contribute to overall relaxation (6).

Similarly, regularly practising relaxation exercises (prenatal yoga, meditation, hypnosis) during pregnancy increases the likelihood of achieving relaxation during labour. Relaxation and visualisation of the birth in advance can strengthen the mother's emotional bond with her unborn baby and contribute to her engagement with the process (7). 

Aromatherapy stimulates receptors located in the olfactory bulb, which transmit a signal to the limbic system. The limbic system is the brain's emotional centre and can respond to stress by releasing hormones, helping to create a sense of calm. The use of lavender may reduce fear and anxiety in expectant mothers and decrease the need for epidural anaesthesia (8). 

Furthermore, earlier studies have shown that music is an easy and effective method for relieving pain and anxiety during labour. It has also been suggested that music therapy be incorporated into maternity care protocols to improve their quality and effectiveness (9).

If you are well prepared and well supported, you have every chance of experiencing this exceptional moment in the best possible conditions, of delivering your baby and managing the pain.

The process of labour and its progression are deeply linked to the hormones oxytocin, adrenaline, and beta-endorphins. While oxytocin is responsible for increasing uterine contractions, adrenaline can modulate the perception of pain (10), and beta-endorphins act as natural analgesics by relieving pain and producing a sense of pleasure and excitement (11).

These hormones, which play a role throughout labour, are also involved in the sexual experience, particularly during orgasm. It is therefore not surprising that some women experience during labour voluntary or involuntary sensations, provoked or not, similar to those of an orgasm — a phenomenon sometimes called "birthgasm" (12).

Stimulation of certain erogenous zones such as the clitoris and vagina during labour could increase pain tolerance by up to 75% when the internal walls of the vagina and the clitoris are stimulated, thus contributing to a significant reduction in pain (13). This stimulation may act as a natural analgesic by promoting the release of beta-endorphins (14). Finally, nipple stimulation or any type of stimulation can help labour progress if it has stalled (15).

Do whatever feels good to you! Beyond physical stimulation, other factors can influence the birth experience and make it more enjoyable: a massage or simple physical and emotional contact with your partner, a comfortable environment (16), or even the support of a doula. Like love, everything goes better when you feel good and safe. 

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Medical options for managing pain

L'utilisation de techniques analgésiques pour soulager la douleur de l'accouchement est de plus en plus fréquente. En France 80 % des femmes en bénéficient au cours du travail obstétrical (17). Parmi ces techniques,  l'analgésie neuraxiale (péridurale, rachianesthésie et rachianesthésie-épidurale combinée) est considérée comme la plus efficace (18).

La péridurale 

La péridurale, aussi appelée analgésie locorégionale ou épidurale, ne s’étend qu’à une partie de l’organisme, à savoir les membres inférieurs, le périnée et l’abdomen. Elle est le résultat de l’injection d’un analgésique ou d’un cocktail analgésiant dans l’espace péridural agissant directement au niveau du système nerveux central (19).

Cette intervention médicale est largement reconnue pour son efficacité dans la réduction de la douleur lors de l'accouchement. Des études ont montré qu'elle pouvait réduire la douleur ressentie de 2 à 3 points sur une échelle de 0 à 10, offrant ainsi un soulagement significatif (20). Comparativement aux opioïdes, la péridurale présente également des avantages en termes de réduction des nausées, des vomissements et des difficultés respiratoires pour la mère. 

La péridurale peut néanmoins rendre l’expérience d'accouchement plus passive. En bloquant en premier lieu la sensation de douleur, l’analgésie péridurale peut affecter la capacité du bloc moteur de la future maman qui voit sa perception de la douleur et son activité musculaire modifiés. De la même façon, les répercussions materno-fœtales de la péridurale font l'objet d'un débat concernant l'incidence accrue des césariennes, le risque plus élevé d'accouchement instrumental par voie basse et la prolongation du travail, en plus du moment où l'analgésie péridurale est pratiquée.

Quelques rares situations constituent une contre-indication absolue ou relative à la réalisation d’une anesthésie neuraxiale. Parmi celles-ci sont abordés le refus de la patiente, l’allergie aux anesthésiques locaux, l’hypovolémie (diminution du volume sanguin), l’hypertension intracrânienne, l’infection du site de ponction, l’hyperthermie, les désordres de l’hémostase, les affections neurologiques, les anomalies du rachis, la dilatation cervicale et les tatouages au niveau des lombaires. Les contre-indications concernent, cependant, moins de 0,5 % des femmes (17).

Pour en savoir plus, retrouvez notre article péridurale et risque et sur accoucher sans péridurale

Les autres techniques pharmacologiques

D’autres techniques pharmacologiques permettent le soulagement de la douleur. Parmi elles : les blocages périphériques locaux (paracervical autour du col de l’utérus et pudenda dans le bassin), l'analgésie inhalée (oxyde nitreux et halogénés) et l'analgésie intraveineuse (opioïdes et non-opioïdes) (21).

L’oxyde nitreux ou protoxyde d’azote est un analgésique inhalatoire auto-administré de faible puissance, utilisé depuis longtemps pour l'analgésie du travail (22). Les opioïdes systémiques sont également utilisés par de nombreuses parturientes, soit pour éviter ou retarder le recours à l'analgésie neuraxiale, soit lorsque celle-ci est contre-indiquée.

Sachez néanmoins que la gestion médicale de la douleur fait l'objet d'une évaluation attentive et d'une prise en charge par un professionnel de la santé qualifié.

Birth prep challenge

Your pregnancy is nearing its end? Jolly Mama coaches you to give you all the keys to a calm birth

Pain and pain management during labour

Cold therapy after childbirth for pain management

Applying cold can be a valuable resource after childbirth. It offers several notable benefits, including: 

Studies cited have shown that applying cold gel pads to the perineum could significantly reduce the intensity of pain experienced by the mother, particularly during activities such as sitting, walking and breastfeeding (23). Furthermore, the use of cold gel packs appears to result in a significant reduction in the use of analgesics, which may be beneficial for mothers looking to minimise their use (24).

Cold may help support the healing of perineal wounds, particularly following an episiotomy or a tear. Study results suggest that the use of cold gel pads can not only reduce pain, but also promote faster and more effective healing (25).

However, please note that the application of cold may also cause unwanted side effects (26). Recent research highlights sensations of excessive cold, numbness and even temporary anaesthesia following the application of cold (27). Although these are temporary and do not cause perineal injury, it is essential to weigh the benefits against the potential side effects and to explore other treatment options to meet each mother's individual needs.

Perineal pad est la poche de gel froid spécifiquement conçu pour soulager les douleurs après l'accouchement ! Il peut s’utiliser en chaud ou en froid pour soulager vos douleurs. Pour les douleurs au niveau des seins, une compresse allaitement froide sera très efficace.

Conclusion

Mama, it is completely normal and natural to feel apprehensive about the pain that comes with childbirth. This feeling is widely shared and understandable, given the uncertainty and intensity of the experience ahead.

Exploring pain management methods such as breathing, relaxation, sensory stimulation, and even masturbation now gives you the opportunity to tailor your approach to pain management according to your individual preferences.

By staying informed, communicating openly, seeking support, and preparing actively, you can strengthen your confidence and your ability to face this unique moment in life in a positive and assured way.

Source 1 : Are there differences in pain intensity between two consecutive vaginal childbirths? A retrospective cohort study, 2020

Source 2 : The nature of labor pain, 2002

Source 3 : Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews, 2012

Source 4 : The Effect of Deep Breathing Relax Technique on Labor Pain Intensity in the Active Phase, 2024

Source 5 : Women's experiences of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods for labour and childbirth: a qualitative systematic review, 2019

Source 6 : Effects of Massage and Acupressure on Relieving Labor Pain, Reducing Labor Time, and Increasing Delivery Satisfaction, 2020

Source 7 : Therapeutic group psychoeducation and relaxation in treating fear of childbirth, 2006

Source 8 : The use of aromatherapy in intrapartum midwifery practice: an evaluation study, 2000

Source 9 : The effect of music therapy on labor pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2023

Source 10 : From psychoprophylactic to orgasmic birth, 2009

Source 11 : Sexuality in Labour and Birth: An Intimate Perspective, 2010

Source 12 : Sexual Experiences of Women during Childbirth, 2007

Source 13 : Neural pathways mediating vaginal function: The vagus nerves and spinal cord oxytocin, 2003

Source 14 : Elevation of pain threshold by vaginal stimulation in women, 1985

Source 15 : Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour, 2005

Source 16 : Undisturbed Birth: Nature's Blueprint for Ease and Ecstasy, 2003

Source 17 : Reste-t-il des contre-indications à l’anesthésie neuraxiale en obstétrique ?, 2018

Source 18 : Impact of the introduction of neuraxial labor analgesia on mode of delivery in China, 2015

Source 19 : La représentation de la douleur de l’accouchement, 2016

Source 20 : Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour, 2018

Source 21 : Neuraxial labor analgesia: a literature review, 2019

Source 22 : Pain management during labor and vaginal birth, 2020

Source 23 : The Effects of Cold Application to the Perineum on Pain Relief After Vaginal Birth, 2017

Source 24 : The Effect of Cooling Gel Pad on the Intensity of Perineal Pain Following Episiotomy, 2010

Source 25 : Effectiveness of cooling gel pads and ice packs on perineal pain, 2009

Source 26 : Clinical trial comparing three types of cryotherapy in nonpregnant women, 2010

Source 27 : Cryotherapy after Childbirth: The Length of Application and Changes in Perineal Temperature, 2013

(1) Deng Y, Li H, Dai Y, et al. Are there differences in pain intensity between two consecutive vaginal childbirths? A retrospective cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;105:103549. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103549.
(2) Lowe NK. The nature of labor pain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5) suppl:S16–S24. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.121427.
(3) Jones L, Othman M, Dowswell T, et al. Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(3):CD009234. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009234.pub2.
(4) Muldaniyah,Indah Sri Wahyuni et al., The Effect of Deep Breathing Relax Technique on Labor Pain Intensity in the Active Phase, International Journal of Health, Medical Sciences ( Volume No. - 7, Issue - 1, January -April 2024).
(5) Thomson G, Feeley C, Moran VH, Downe S, Oladapo OT. Women's experiences of pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain relief methods for labour and childbirth: a qualitative systematic review. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s12978-019-0735-4.
(6) GÖNENÇ, Ilknur Munevver1*; TERZIOĞLU, Füsun. Effects of Massage and Acupressure on Relieving Labor Pain, Reducing Labor Time, and Increasing Delivery Satisfaction. Journal of Nursing Research 28(1):p e68, February 2020. | DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000344
(7) Saisto T, Toivanen R, Salmela-Aro K, Halmesmaki E. Therapeutic group psycho education and relaxation in treating fear of child birth. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2006; 85(11): 1315 – 1319.
(8) Burn E, Blamy C, Esser SJ, Lzoyd AJ, Barnetson L. The use of aromatherapy in intrapartum midwifery Practice an evaluation study. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2000 Feb; 6(1): 33-4 .
(9) Razhan Chehreh, Hamed Tavan, Zoleykha Karamelahi,The effect of music therapy on labor pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis, Douleurs : Évaluation - Diagnostic - Traitement, Volume 24, Issue 3, 2023, Pages 110-117,ISSN 1624-5687, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.douler.2023.03.002
(10) Hotelling BA. From psychoprophylactic to orgasmic birth. J Perinat Educ. 2009 Fall;18(4):45-8. 10.1624/105812409X474708
(11) Buckley, Sarah. (2010). Sexuality in Labour and Birth: An Intimate Perspective. 10.1002/9781444317701.ch12
(12) Harel, Danielle. (2007). Sexual Experiences of Women during Childbirth.
(13) Komisaruk, B.R. and Sansone, G. (2003), Neural pathways mediating vaginal function: The vagus nerves and spinal cord oxytocin. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44: 241-2501 10.1111/1467-9450.00341
(14) Whipple B, Komisaruk BR. Elevation of pain threshold by vaginal stimulation in women. Pain. 1985 Apr;21(4):357-367.
(15) Kavanagh J, Kelly AJ, Thomas J. Breast stimulation for cervical ripening and induction of labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD003392. 10.1002/14651858.CD003392
(16) Buckley, S. J. (2003). Undisturbed Birth: Nature's Blueprint for Ease and Ecstasy. Journal of Prenatal, Perinatal Psychology Health, 17(4), 261–288.
(17) Géraldine Lambert, Pierre-Yves Dewandre, Reste-t-il des contre-indications à l’anesthésie neuraxiale en obstétrique ?, Le Praticien en Anesthésie Réanimation, Volume 22, Issue 6, 2018, Pages 365-371, ISSN 1279-7960,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pratan.2018.10.003
(18) Hu L, Zhang J, Wong CA, et al. Impact of the introduction of neuraxial labor analgesia on mode of delivery at an urban maternity hospital in China. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;129:17-21.
(19) Élise Bouquet. La représentation de la douleur de l’accouchement. Gynécologie et obstétrique. 2016. dumas-01365389.
(20) Anim‐Somuah, Millicent, Rebecca MD Smyth, Allan M Cyna, et Anna Cuthbert. « Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour ». The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, no 5 (21 mai 2018): CD000331, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub4
(21) Aragão, F. F. de ., Aragão, P. W. de ., Martins, C. A., Leal, K. F. C. S., Tobias, A. F.. (2019). Neuraxial labor analgesia: a literature review. Revista Brasileira De Anestesiologia, 69(3), 291–298.
(22) Jalal A. Nanji, Brendan Carvalho, Pain management during labor and vaginal birth, Best Practice Research Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology, Volume 67, 2020, Pages 100-112, ISSN 1521-6934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.002
(23) Senol, Derya K., et Ergul Aslan. 2017. « The Effects of Cold Application to the Perineum on Pain Relief After Vaginal Birth ». Asian Nursing Research 11 (4): 276‑82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2017.11.001
(24) Jahdi, Fereshte, Fatemeh Sheikhan, Effat sadat Merghati khoie, et Hamid Haghani. 2010. « The Effect of Cooling Gel Pad on the Intensity of Perineal Pain Following Episiotomy ». Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences 13 (3): 76‑83.
(25) Rigi, Shahindokht, Zahra Abedian, et Mary Steen. 2009. « Effectivness of cooling gel pads and ice packs on perineal pain », novembre, https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2009.17.11.45030.
(26) Leventhal, Lucila Coca, Renata Cristina Bianchi, et Sonia Maria Junqueira Vasconcellos de Oliveira. 2010. « [Clinical trial comparing three types of cryotherapy in nonpregnant women] ». Revista Da Escola De Enfermagem Da U S P 44 (2): 339‑45, https://doi.org/10.1590/s0080-62342010000200014.
(27) Francisco, Adriana Amorim, Sonia Maria Junqueira Vasconcellos de Oliveira, Lucila Coca Leventhal, et Caroline de Souza Bosco. 2013. « Cryotherapy after Childbirth: The Length of Application and Changes in Perineal Temperature ». Revista Da Escola de Enfermagem Da USP 47 (juin): 555‑61, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420130000300005.

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