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Le placenta, est-ce qu'on peut le manger après l'accouchement ?

The placenta: can you eat it after giving birth?

Many websites report that eating your placenta after birth has numerous health benefits. In reality, this practice does not appear to be effective, and may not be without risk…

Contents

Many websites report that eating the placenta after birth has numerous health benefits, such as: boosting milk production, improving mood, reducing the risk of postpartum depression, raising iron levels… However, most of these sites state these benefits without providing any studies or evidence to support them, so what is the reality? This practice does not appear to be genuinely effective, and may not be without risk…

Please note: in France, it is prohibited to retrieve or consume your placenta after birth — it is legally classified as medical waste or a strictly regulated human body product.

Myths

Le placenta n’est pas une bonne source de fer

Il n’a pas d’effet sur le lait maternel

Il ne diminue pas le risque de dépression postpartum

What is placentophagy?

The placenta is an organ that develops in your uterus during pregnancy. This structure provides oxygen and nutrients to your growing baby and removes waste from its blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of your uterus, and your baby's umbilical cord arises from it.

Placentophagy, meaning the ingestion of the placenta after birth, is very common among mammals, and there is growing interest in this practice among women after birth — particularly in the United States — and it is emerging in France[1]. This is partly due to Kim Kardashian having done it and recommending it. 
 

The placenta can be consumed raw, cooked, roasted, dehydrated, encapsulated in capsules, or in the form of smoothies and tinctures. The most commonly used preparation appears to be encapsulation of the placenta after steam cooking and dehydration.

Until fairly recently, the only studies on rehydrating and consuming one's placenta were very old, the main one dating from 1918[2].

A single 450g placenta contains on average 234 calories, 4g of fat, 899mg of cholesterol, 513g of sodium, 48g of protein, as well as significant quantities of trace elements (24% of the recommended daily intake for iron and 7% for selenium)[3][4].

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What are the myths associated with eating your placenta?

Advocates of human maternal placentophagy report that encapsulated placenta is an excellent source of dietary iron.

Did you know?

Appliquer du placenta sur sa peau diminuerait les plaies et la chute des cheveux !

A randomised, double-blind study compared the effect of encapsulated placenta on postpartum maternal iron status with that of a placebo [5].

Mean iron concentrations were considerably higher in the encapsulated placenta (0.664 mg/g) compared to the placebo (0.093 mg/g), but they only provide 24% of the recommended daily iron intake for breastfeeding mothers.

 The results revealed no statistically significant difference in maternal iron status between women in the supplementation and placebo groups; it therefore appears that supplementation with encapsulated placenta does not significantly improve maternal iron status.

 Some data suggest that human maternal placentophagy improves the quality and quantity of breast milk. Some suggest that increased prolactin levels following placenta consumption could explain the claimed benefits for lactation. 

The 1918 study measured higher levels of protein and lactose in women in the placenta group, and greater weight gain in their exclusively breastfed infants. 

Another recent 2019 randomised, double-blind study was conducted on 27 women to evaluate these claims by comparing plasma prolactin levels in those consuming encapsulated placenta with those consuming a placebo [6]. Neonatal weight gain was also compared between the 2 groups.

The results showed no statistically significant difference between the groups with regard to plasma prolactin concentrations or neonatal weight gain.

A significant drop in oestrogen and progesterone levels occurs after birth, suggesting that mood changes may be explained by the effect of withdrawal of these hormones [7]. Postpartum depression may also be triggered by a lack of cortisol [8]. 

In 2016, researchers studied the quantities of hormones present in encapsulated placenta. Of the 17 hormones analysed, 16 were present in the 28 encapsulated placentas: progesterone, oestradiol (a form of oestrogen), cortisol (the stress hormone), aldosterone and testosterone [9].

It turns out that fairly significant levels of progesterone are found in encapsulated placenta. A dose of 1g of placenta powder three times a day (the general recommendation among midwives and doulas) contains on average 56.3 µg of active progesterone [10]. However, researchers debate whether oral intake is as effective, as there is a risk of reduced absorption. 

Indeed, a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical study found no significant effects on post-partum fatigue and mood following consumption of steam-cooked and dehydrated placental tissue [11], although another study showed a slight but significant rise in maternal hormone levels after placenta consumption, without being able to draw conclusions regarding a potential effect on post-partum mood [12].

A review in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology indicated that no placental nutrient or hormone is retained in sufficient quantities after placenta encapsulation to be potentially beneficial to mothers in the post-partum period [13]. Research showing an effect of placenta ingestion on hormones (both those involved in milk production and those linked to depression) could be explained by a placebo effect of placenta consumption.

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Are there any risks associated with consuming the placenta?

The main concerns regarding placenta ingestion are: the ingestion of elements at toxic levels (cadmium, arsenic, mercury, lead), pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus…) and significant quantities of medication following childbirth (anaesthesia, antibiotics…).

Absence of toxicity

In accordance with European Union regulations, a study showed that concentrations of potentially toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead) were below the food toxicity threshold after steam treatment and dehydration of the placenta [14]. Another study of 28 placentas found no elements present in quantities that could be dangerous [15].

Possible microbiological contamination

Dehydration of this tissue at above 54°C (the temperature at which the placenta is dehydrated for encapsulation) leads to a significant reduction in the number of microbiological species and eliminates Candida albicans (responsible for candidiasis) [16].

A recent study in the USA involving more than 23,000 women who had given birth found no evidence of a link between this practice and negative effects on newborns [17]. 

However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently issued a warning following a case in which a newborn developed recurrent neonatal septicaemia caused by Group B Streptococcus after the mother had ingested contaminated placenta capsules containing Streptococcus agalactiae. They accordingly recommended avoiding the ingestion of placenta capsules due to inadequate eradication of infectious pathogens during the encapsulation process [18]. 
 

However, prenatal transmission of the bacterium, colonisation of the mother's gastrointestinal tract by streptococcus, and transmission due to close post-partum contact between mother and child are plausible hypotheses in this case.

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In which cases should you not consume your placenta?

infection viral or bacterial in the mother and/or the newborn is a contraindication to placenta ingestion. Likewise, the placenta should not be consumed following a anaesthesia general anaesthesia, as it may have absorbed opioids and other anaesthetic agents [19].

The risk associated with ingesting one's own placenta following a spontaneous, non-interventional delivery, without long-term pharmacological treatment during pregnancy, is relatively low.
 

Smoking during pregnancy increases the concentration of cadmium in placental tissue and therefore also presents a risk in the event of ingestion [20].


The ingestion of placenta preparations in the presence of mastitis and/or of blocked ducts is also contraindicated due to the potential stimulating effect on lactation [21].

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The placenta: can you eat it after giving birth?

What other uses are there for your placenta?

L’injection de placenta humain
 

Le placenta humain peut être injecté après l’accouchement. Cela permettrait de :

Favoriser la cicatrisation des plaies
 

Les extraits placentaires administrés sont facilement absorbés et se lient à des récepteurs spécifiques présents à la surface des cellules ciblées. Ils stimulent ensuite les cellules, tissus et organes inactifs ou endommagés de l'organisme, assurant ainsi la réparation et la régénération des tissus. Les extraits de placenta présentent également de nombreuses autres propriétés thérapeutiques et agissent comme un stimulant pour la réparation des tissus, la cicatrisation des plaies, l'immunomodulation, l'anti-inflammatoire [22], la prolifération cellulaire et la régénération des tissus [23].


Récemment, le placenta humain a été utilisé sous forme d'extraits dans le domaine clinique. Dans une étude sur des souris, ils ont injecté cet extrait dans les limites de la plaie des souris. Le groupe expérimental a montré une accélération de la diminution de la taille de la plaie par rapport au groupe témoin du troisième au neuvième jour et que l’extrait avait favorisé la cicatrisation [24].  

Réduire la douleur
 

La consommation de placenta après l'accouchement est supposée comme ayant des propriétés pour la douleur après le travail, mais ces données sont controversées et pourraient être attribuées à un effet placebo. 
 

Une recherche a été menée sur l'efficacité des extraits placentaires dans le traitement des patients souffrant du syndrome de douleur régionale complexe, un trouble associé à l'inflammation caractérisé par une douleur spontanée, un gonflement, un changement de couleur de la peau et une restriction des mouvements. Pour un patient atteint de ce syndrome, ils ont montré une amélioration remarquable après avoir reçu des injections d'extrait placentaire dans certains points d'acupuncture, avec un soulagement complet de la douleur, une réduction du gonflement, une disparition des rougeurs et une restauration des mouvements articulaires [25].
Des recherches à plus grande échelle sont nécessaires pour vérifier cela sur d’autres patients mais ces données sont prometteuses pour la suite.

L’application topique de placenta humain

Favoriser la cicatrisation des plaies
 

Les extraits placentaires se sont révélés efficaces pour la cicatrisation des plaies de diabétiques dans une étude [26]. Cette étude a comparé l'efficacité des pansements topiques (sur la peau) à base d'extraits placentaires par rapport aux pansements à base de povidone iodée (utilisé comme antiseptique local sur la peau) chez divers patients souffrant de plaies diabétiques. Les pansements à base de placenta pouvaient accélérer de manière significative la cicatrisation des plaies par rapport aux pansements à base de povidone iodée provoquant une récupération accélérée de la cicatrisation des plaies de sept à dix jours.

Diminuer la chute des cheveux
 

L'alopécie (la chute de cheveux) est un problème en constante augmentation, attribuable aux hormones, aux facteurs génétiques, aux maladies auto-immunes, aux médicaments et au stress qui altèrent le cycle du follicule pileux et provoquent la chute des cheveux.

Un rapport précédent a montré l'efficacité des extraits placentaires dans la promotion de la croissance des cheveux [27]. La croissance des poils de souris épilées a été étudiée en appliquant des extraits placentaires humains par voie topique une fois par jour pendant quinze jours consécutifs. Ils ont montré que les extraits placentaires ont augmenté la repousse des poils et ont également augmenté l'expression du FGF-7, qui joue un rôle central dans le maintien de la phase anagène (phase de croissance du cheveux) et la prolifération cellulaire des follicules pileux, ce qui suggère qu'ils pourraient être un bon candidat pour le traitement de l'alopécie.

Les compléments alimentaires chute de cheveux au collagène et à la kératine, l'alternative fiable et efficace pour la pousse des cheveux. 

Mamaload, le complément alimentaire collagène en poudre au cacao cru. 

Mama hair, la cure cheveux post partum en pipette liquide avec de la kératine brevetée.

Hair essentials, la gélule pour la pousse des cheveux avec de la kératine brevetée.

Le tout prouvé scientifiquement. 

In conclusion

The question of placenta encapsulation has been put to us many times. We have tried to address it in an evidence-based spirit, to give you simply the information available today on the subject and help you make your own choice.

It does not take into account the "sacred" dimension that the placenta can hold — which is of course far more than a collection of cells and nutrients, but a remarkable organ that connected us to our baby for 9 months, and which many consider to be "its twin". It can indeed be honoured in many ways, for example by making an imprint of it (tree of life).

With the studies and research currently available, it is difficult to demonstrate a genuine benefit.

Certain cases carry risks for the consumption of placenta-based products (smoking, mastitis, anaesthesia during childbirth), and the risks of microbiological contamination are contested in the scientific literature.  

As a reminder: In France, it is prohibited to retrieve or consume your placenta after childbirth: it is legally considered a medical waste product or a strictly regulated human body product.

Source 1 : Human Placentophagy: A Review, 2018

Source 2 : The effect of the maternal ingestion of desiccated placenta upon the rate of growth of the breast-fed infant, 1918

Source 3 : Placenta – Worth Trying? Human Maternal Placentophagy: Possible Benefit and Potential Risks, 2018

Source 4 : Human Placenta Processed for Encapsulation Contains Modest Concentrations of 14 Trace Minerals and Elements, 2016

Source 5 : Effects of Human Maternal Placentophagy on Maternal Postpartum Iron Status: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study, 2017

Source 6 : Ingestion of Steamed and Dehydrated Placenta Capsules Does Not Affect Postpartum Plasma Prolactin Levels or Neonatal Weight Gain, 2019

Source 7 : Estrogen-Related Mood Disorders: Reproductive Life Cycle Factors, 2005

Source 8 : The HPA Axis and Perinatal Depression: A Hypothesis, 2006

Source 9 : Presence and Concentration of 17 Hormones in Human Placenta Processed for Encapsulation and Consumption, 2016

Source 10 : Placentophagy’s Effects on Mood, Bonding, and Fatigue: A Pilot Trial, Part 2, 2018

Source 11 : Effects of Placentophagy on Maternal Salivary Hormones: A Pilot Trial, Part 1, 2018

Source 12 : Human Placentophagy: Effects of Dehydration and Steaming on Hormones, Metals and Bacteria in Placental Tissue, 2018

Source 13 : Placentophagy among Women Planning Community Births in the United States: Frequency, Rationale, and Associated Neonatal Outcomes, 2018

Source 14 : Notes from the Field: Late-Onset Infant Group B Streptococcus Infection Associated with Maternal Consumption of Capsules Containing Dehydrated Placenta, 2017

Source 15 : A Quantitative Study on the Effects of Maternal Smoking on Placental Morphology and Cadmium Concentration, 2000

Source 16 : Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity of Human Placental Extract, 2003

Source 17 : Placental therapy: An insight to their biological and therapeutic properties, 2017

Source 18 : The Effect of Human Placenta Extract in a Wound Healing Model, 2010

Source 19 : Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 Relieved by Acupuncture Point Injections with Placental Extract, 2014

Source 20 : Study of topical placental extract versus povidone iodine and saline dressing in various diabetic wounds, 2012

[1]  Farr, Alex, Frank A. Chervenak, Laurence B. McCullough, Rebecca N. Baergen, et Amos Grünebaum. 2018. « Human Placentophagy: A Review ». American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 218 (4): 401.e1-401.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.016.

[2] Hammett, F. S. (1918). The effect of the maternal ingestion of desiccated placenta upon the rate of growth of the breast-fed infant. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 36, 569–573.

[3]  Johnson, Sophia K., Jana Pastuschek, Jürgen Rödel, Udo R. Markert, et Tanja Groten. 2018. « Placenta – Worth Trying? Human Maternal Placentophagy: Possible Benefit and Potential Risks ». Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 78 (9): 846‑52. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0674-6275.

[4] Young, Sharon M., Laura K. Gryder, Winnie B. David, Yuanxin Teng, Shawn Gerstenberger, et Daniel C. Benyshek. 2016. « Human Placenta Processed for Encapsulation Contains Modest Concentrations of 14 Trace Minerals and Elements ». Nutrition Research 36 (8): 872‑78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.04.005.

[5] Gryder, Laura K., Sharon M. Young, David Zava, Wendy Norris, Chad L. Cross, et Daniel C. Benyshek. 2017. « Effects of Human Maternal Placentophagy on Maternal Postpartum Iron Status: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study ». Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 62 (1): 68‑79. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12549.

[6] Young, Sharon M., Laura K. Gryder, Chad L. Cross, David Zava, Wendy Norris, et Daniel C. Benyshek. 2019. « Ingestion of Steamed and Dehydrated Placenta Capsules Does Not Affect Postpartum Plasma Prolactin Levels or Neonatal Weight Gain: Results from a Randomized, Double-Bind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study ». Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 64 (4): 443‑50. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.12955.

[7] Douma, S. L., C. Husband, M. E. O’Donnell, B. N. Barwin, et A. K. Woodend. 2005. « Estrogen-Related Mood Disorders: Reproductive Life Cycle Factors ». Advances in Nursing Science 28 (4): 364‑75

[8] Kammerer, M., A. Taylor, et V. Glover. 2006. « The HPA Axis and Perinatal Depression: A Hypothesis ». Archives of Women’s Mental Health 9 (4): 187‑96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-006-0131-2.

[9] Young, Sharon M., Laura K. Gryder, David Zava, David W. Kimball, et Daniel C. Benyshek. 2016. « Presence and Concentration of 17 Hormones in Human Placenta Processed for Encapsulation and Consumption ». Placenta 43 (juillet): 86‑89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2016.05.005.

[10] Johnson, Sophia K., Jana Pastuschek, Jürgen Rödel, Udo R. Markert, et Tanja Groten. 2018. « Placenta – Worth Trying? Human Maternal Placentophagy: Possible Benefit and Potential Risks ». Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 78 (9): 846‑52. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0674-6275.

[11]  Young, Sharon M., Laura K. Gryder, Chad Cross, David Zava, David W. Kimball, et Daniel C. Benyshek. 2018. « Placentophagy’s Effects on Mood, Bonding, and Fatigue: A Pilot Trial, Part 2 ». Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives 31 (4): e258‑71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.11.004.

[12] Young, Sharon M., Laura K. Gryder, Chad Cross, David Zava, David W. Kimball, et Daniel C. Benyshek. 2018. « Effects of Placentophagy on Maternal Salivary Hormones: A Pilot Trial, Part 1 ». Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives 31 (4): e245‑57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.09.023.

[13] Farr, Alex, Frank A. Chervenak, Laurence B. McCullough, Rebecca N. Baergen, et Amos Grünebaum. 2018. « Human Placentophagy: A Review ». American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 218 (4): 401.e1-401.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.016.

[14] Johnson, Sophia K., Tanja Groten, Jana Pastuschek, Jürgen Rödel, Ulrike Sammer, et Udo R. Markert. 2018. « Human Placentophagy: Effects of Dehydration and Steaming on Hormones, Metals and Bacteria in Placental Tissue ». Placenta 67 (juillet): 8‑14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2018.05.006.

[15] Young, Sharon M., Laura K. Gryder, Winnie B. David, Yuanxin Teng, Shawn Gerstenberger, et Daniel C. Benyshek. 2016. « Human Placenta Processed for Encapsulation Contains Modest Concentrations of 14 Trace Minerals and Elements ». Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) 36 (8): 872‑78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.04.005.

[16]  Johnson, Sophia K., Jana Pastuschek, Jürgen Rödel, Udo R. Markert, et Tanja Groten. 2018. « Placenta – Worth Trying? Human Maternal Placentophagy: Possible Benefit and Potential Risks ». Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 78 (9): 846‑52. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0674-6275.

[17] Benyshek, Daniel C., Melissa Cheyney, Jennifer Brown, et Marit L. Bovbjerg. 2018. « Placentophagy among Women Planning Community Births in the United States: Frequency, Rationale, and Associated Neonatal Outcomes ». Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) 45 (4): 459‑68. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12354.

[18] Buser, Genevieve L., Sayonara Mató, Alexia Y. Zhang, Ben J. Metcalf, Bernard Beall, et Ann R. Thomas. 2017. « Notes from the Field: Late-Onset Infant Group B Streptococcus Infection Associated with Maternal Consumption of Capsules Containing Dehydrated Placenta — Oregon, 2016 ». MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66 (25): 677‑78. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6625a4.

[19]  Johnson, Sophia K., Jana Pastuschek, Jürgen Rödel, Udo R. Markert, et Tanja Groten. 2018. « Placenta – Worth Trying? Human Maternal Placentophagy: Possible Benefit and Potential Risks ». Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 78 (9): 846‑52. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0674-6275.

[20]  Bush, P. G., T. M. Mayhew, D. R. Abramovich, P. J. Aggett, M. D. Burke, et K. R. Page. 2000. « A Quantitative Study on the Effects of Maternal Smoking on Placental Morphology and Cadmium Concentration ». Placenta 21 (2‑3): 247‑56. https://doi.org/10.1053/plac.1999.0470.

[21] Johnson, Sophia K., Jana Pastuschek, Jürgen Rödel, Udo R. Markert, et Tanja Groten. 2018. « Placenta – Worth Trying? Human Maternal Placentophagy: Possible Benefit and Potential Risks ». Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 78 (9): 846‑52. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0674-6275.

[22] Sur, Tapas Kumar, Tuhin Kanti Biswas, Liaquat Ali, et Biswapati Mukherjee. 2003. « Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity of Human Placental Extract ». Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 24 (2): 187‑92.

[23] Yi Pan, Shing, Mike K.S. Chan, Michelle B. F. Wong, Dmitry Klokol, et Vladymyr Chernykh. 2017. « Placental therapy: An insight to their biological and therapeutic properties ». Journal of Medicine and Therapeutics 1 (4). https://doi.org/10.15761/JMT.1000118.

[24]  Hong, Jong Won, Won Jai Lee, Seung Boem Hahn, Bom Jin Kim, et Dae Hyun Lew. 2010. « The Effect of Human Placenta Extract in a Wound Healing Model ». Annals of Plastic Surgery 65 (1): 96‑100. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181b0bb67.

[25] Cho, Tae Hwan, et Kyeong Mee Park. 2014. « Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 Relieved by Acupuncture Point Injections with Placental Extract ». Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies 7 (3): 155‑58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2014.03.004.

[26] Navadiya SK, Vaghani YL, Patel MP (2012) Study of topical placental extract versus povidone iodine and saline dressing in various diabetic wounds. Nat J Med Res 2: 411-413.

[27]  Yi Pan, Shing, Mike K.S. Chan, Michelle B. F. Wong, Dmitry Klokol, et Vladymyr Chernykh. 2017. « Placental therapy: An insight to their biological and therapeutic properties ». Journal of Medicine and Therapeutics 1 (4). https://doi.org/10.15761/JMT.1000118.

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