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Le réflexe d’éjection dysphorique ou quand allaiter rend triste…

Dysphoric milk ejection reflex, or when breastfeeding makes you feel sad…

Most of the time, breastfeeding hormones have a positive, calming, soothing effect on women. When we breastfeed, we receive a surge of hormones, including prolactin and oxytocin, the love hormone. But what happens when these hormones turn against mothers? 

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Most of the time, breastfeeding hormones have a positive, calming, soothing effect on women. When breastfeeding, we receive a rush of hormones, including prolactin and oxytocin, the love hormone. But what happens when these hormones turn against mothers?

 

This is a phenomenon that researchers call Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex (D-MER).

Take care mama

Beaucoup de femmes avec un RED sévère sont diagnostiquées comme ayant une dépression du postpartum, même s’il n’en est rien. Si ces sensations ne sont présentes uniquement durant les tétées, il y a de fortes chances pour que vous souffriez “juste” de RED.

What impact do breastfeeding hormones have on the mother?

When breastfeeding, there is a release of dopamine, promoted by prolactin and/or oxytocin (the "love" hormone), which can also act directly on brain receptors and has an anxiolytic and sedative effect [1].

Breastfeeding hormones are biologically designed not only to encourage us to breastfeed and to produce enough milk for our baby, but also to make the experience "enjoyable".

Oxytocin is a "nurturing" hormone: when released, it promotes interactions between mother and baby, and produces a calming effect, with a reduction in heart rate and blood pressure.

Researchers have been able to demonstrate a link between oxytocin levels and the degree of attachment between mother and child [2].

It helps mothers to protect their child, and can also trigger fight-or-flight responses when the mother senses her baby is in danger, such as a protective reflex in the event of a threat [3].

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What is dysphoric milk ejection reflex?

Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a phenomenon that is still little known, yet very real.

Women who experience it feel, just after the let-down reflex, a rush of negative emotions, a sense of depression, and waves of anxiety.

It's something very "hormonal" and uncontrollable.

Did you know?

Il serait possible que l’exposition à un stress durant la grossesse ou l’accouchement déclenche une réponse de “danger-fuite” conduisant ensuite à un réflexe d’éjection dysphorique.

Most women affected by D-MER report the following sensations [4]:
Waves of anxiety
A knot in the stomach, the feeling of having a "tight" stomach
An urge to "flee"
A feeling of despair or deep sadness
A sensation of dizziness
A feeling of panic

Surge of anger
Paranoia
Suicidal thoughts or feelings of hostility

A few tips

Vous n’y êtes pour rien, lachez prise !
Essayez la méditation
Maximiser le peau à peau avec bébé 
Essayer de moduler votre alimentation

When does dysphoric milk ejection reflex occur?

D-MER occurs just before the let-down reflex, in the first few minutes of a feed. It can occur as soon as the let-down reflex is triggered: at the breast, with a breast pump, or even spontaneously between two feeds or two pumping sessions.


It can also occur several times during the same feed or pumping session, making breastfeeding rather unpleasant. That said, most of the time these negative sensations are only present during the first 10 minutes after the start of a feed.


Some women experience symptoms for a few feeds, others for several days or weeks, or even throughout the entire duration of their breastfeeding journey.

Many women with severe D-MER are diagnosed with postpartum depression, even though that is not the case. However, D-MER can coexist with postpartum anxiety or depression [5].

If these feelings are present only during feeds, there is a strong chance you are experiencing D-MER.

What distinguishes D-MER from nipple hypersensitivity is that it occurs simultaneously with the let-down reflex. With D-MER, there is no need for nipple contact.

Some call this hypersensitivity the "sad nipple syndrome".

It is not known whether these two dysphorias are linked, but they share a number of symptoms [6].

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What are the causes of dysphoric milk ejection reflex?

Some researchers believe that D-MER may be linked to a dysfunction in oxytocin. It would occur when the "pathways" of the latter are "miswired". As a reminder, oxytocin triggers milk ejection, and prolactin is responsible for milk production (this is a simplified overview, but you get the idea). 

Milk is ejected almost immediately after the start of a feed with suckling, and is released in small pulses for approximately 10 minutes. Oxytocin contracts the myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands and milk is ejected.

Prolactin, on the other hand, is released gradually, approximately 10 to 20 minutes after the start of a feed. Researchers therefore believe that it is oxytocin that is responsible for D-MER and not prolactin, as the symptoms appear after the let-down reflex. 

One hypothesis is that the release of oxytocin would trigger, by "mistake", a defence reaction mechanism, instead of the positive responses that normally occur (soothing, a sense of wellbeing).
This defence reaction — "fight or flight" — is "normal": we are all wired for it, but it should only be triggered in the face of genuine danger. [7]

Another hypothesis for the onset of D-MER involves a dopamine disorder. 

Dopamine is a hormone released in the brain's reward region. It gives us a sense of wellbeing.

During the milk ejection reflex, oxytocin rises rapidly, whilst dopamine levels drop. Dopamine inhibits prolactin, and so with the fall in dopamine, prolactin increases [8].

In some mothers, the drop in dopamine may be abnormal, triggering a sense of distress.
However, at present, the most likely hypothesis for D-MER appears to be a faulty "wiring" in the oxytocin circuits.

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Dysphoric milk ejection reflex, or when breastfeeding makes you feel sad…

Why don't all women know about dysphoric milk ejection reflex?

At present, researchers do not know why some women are affected and others are not.

One hypothesis is that women who have previously experienced intense stress (trauma) may be more susceptible to dysphoric milk ejection reflex [9].

One possible factor is exposure to stress during pregnancy or childbirth, which could trigger a "danger-flight" response, subsequently leading to dysphoric milk ejection reflex [10].

Researchers also point to the possible role of exposure to synthetic oxytocin during labour, which, unlike natural oxytocin, may increase stress levels and the onset of a postpartum disorder [11].

The role of the epidural is also discussed, as it may block the action of natural oxytocin [12].

What should I do if I am experiencing RED-S?

Parfois ce phénomène s’arrêtera seul, parfois il faudra attendre le sevrage.


Savoir qu’on y est pour rien
 

Une des choses qui aident beaucoup les mamans confrontées au RED est de savoir qu’elles ne sont pas “folles”, et qu’elles ne sont pas seules.
 

Et que surtout, ce phénomène n’est pas dangereux, et que cela ne signifie ni qu’elles n’aiment pas leur enfant, ni qu’elles font un rejet de l’allaitement.
 

Suivre un traitement
 

Les chercheurs qui privilégient la piste de la dopamine conseillent de prendre certaines plantes comme le gattilier, les fèves ou le mucuna pruriens (pios mascate)*, qui augmenteraient le taux de dopamine ou de lévodopa (ensuite convertie en dopamine dans le cerveau)[13].
Il existe également un traitement médicamenteux, le bupropion, qui augmente le taux de dopamine*.
Cependant, ce médicament n’a pas été testé avec des études double aveugle, et donc il est impossible d’écarter un effet placebo, qui selon la chercheuse Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg, pourrait être au alentours de 30%[ 14].
 

A noter que les médicaments antagonistes de la dopamine (dont la dompéridone, utilisée pour augmenter la lactation) pourraient aggraver le RED [15]*.
*Attention à ne pas vous auto-complémenter ou à utiliser des plantes sans un conseil de médecin ou pharmacien. Ces conseils ne se substituent pas à l’avis d’un médecin ou à un traitement médical en cours.

En alternative naturelle, notre complément alimentaire allaitement multivitamines contient un actif breveté pour améliorer l'humeur et le bien-être, ce qui pourrait aider. 


“Reprogrammer les voies de l’ocytocine”
 

L’idée pour la chercheuse Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg, spécialiste de l’ocytocine, est d’aider à reprogrammer les circuits de cette dernière, en augmentant le sentiment de sécurité chez les mamans, et en stimulant sa production par le contact peau à peau, par des massages...bref, par un sentiment de bien-être !

If oxytocin is indeed involved, it is important to feel safe when breastfeeding — to feel well supported and comforted. Having someone around, especially in the first few days, to watch over us, bring us food, and take care of us is essential for feeling secure.

The aim is to switch off this negative "stress" response in order to "reprogram the circuits".

Could we also consider that if we are surrounded by support from the very beginning, we might be less at risk of developing a dysphoric ejection reflex? This is not something we have seen emerge in the research, but it is worth reflecting on.

Skin-to-skin contact is a simple way to increase oxytocin and regulate stress, both in the mother and the baby.

In babies, skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth helps to reduce cortisol levels, lower heart rate, and raise body temperature, all of which also have an impact on stress. 

In mothers, a reduction in cortisol levels is also observed, along with greater calm and more interaction with their newborn [16].

Being well settled, warm, with a cosy blanket, a warm cushion on the shoulders, or a clean and tidy environment could also help mothers.

Méditer
 

Si on connaît un RED, la méditation peut aider à calmer les symptômes associés. L’idée est se concentrer lors de la tétée sur sa respiration, et ne pas trop “penser”.
 

Dès qu’on surprend notre esprit à vagabonder, on le remarque, et on se reconcentre à nouveau sur sa respiration. Cela peut nous aider à nous recentrer sur l’instant présent et chasser les pensées négatives qui peuvent nous submerger.
 

Pour vous aider dans cet exercice, vous pouvez télécharger une application comme Headspace qui vous permettra de faire de la méditation guidée.
 

D’autres techniques pourraient également marcher, comme l'acupuncture, les massages… bref, c’est aussi l’occasion de prendre soin de soi !
 

Prendre soin de son alimentation
 

Un chercheur a également suggéré le rôle de la nutrition sur la gestion du RED : il recommande de veiller à consommer suffisamment de protéines et de bon gras pour maintenir le taux de sucre dans le sang.
 

En effet chez certaines femmes, l’allaitement peut provoquer une forte augmentation du taux d’insuline (stimulé par l'ocytocine), mais cette réaction peut être modulée en diminuant les sucres et en augmentant son apport en gras et protéines [17].

Pour en savoir plus sur ce sujet, allez voit notre article sur l'alimentation post partum.
 

Lâcher prise
 

Enfin, simplement apprendre à lâcher prise sur sa lactation peut aider : tant pis pour le tirage de lait supplémentaire pour les réserves !
 

En ne voulant pas tirer plus que nécessaire (d’ailleurs pas besoin de tirer son lait les premières semaines, on laisse sa lactation se mettre en route toute seule), on peut ainsi diminuer les symptômes.

In conclusion

On connaît encore peu les mécanismes derrière le réflexe d’éjection dysphorique.
 

Parfois, le RED est si intense que le sevrage semble la seule option, quand on se sent dépassé par ce sentiment d’angoisse et de tristesse, sans en comprendre la cause.
 

Il existe de multiples façons de le réduire, voire de le faire disparaître, notamment en prenant soin de soi et en pratiquant le peau à peau, qui peuvent d’ailleurs aider chacune d’entre nous à mieux vivre notre postpartum et allaitement, RED ou pas.
 

Retrouvez également notre article sur le milk blues ou la dépression post sevrage. On connaît aussi peu ce phénomène, pourtant tout à fait naturel, qui accompagne le sevrage et la chute des hormones de l’allaitement.

[1] Uvnäs-Moberg K, Eriksson M. Breastfeeding: physiological, endocrine and behavioural adaptations caused by oxytocin and local neurogenic activity in the nipple and mammary gland. Acta Paediatr 1996;85(5):525-30. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14078.x    

[2] Strathearn, L., Mamun, A. A., Najman, J. M., & O'Callaghan, M. J. (2009). Does breastfeeding protect against substantiated child abuse and neglect? A 15-year cohort study. Pediatrics, 123(2), 483–493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds. 2007-3546

[3] Uvnas-Moberg, K. (2015). Oxytocin: The biological guide to motherhood. Amarillo, TX: Praeclarus Press.

[4] The Mystery of D-MER: What Can Hormonal Research Tell Us About Dysphoric Milk-Ejection Reflex? Clinical Lactation, Uvnas-Moberg, Kerstin, Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen

[5] IThe Mystery of D-MER: What Can Hormonal Research Tell Us About Dysphoric Milk-Ejection Reflex? Clinical Lactation, Uvnas-Moberg, Kerstin, Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen

[6] Before The Letdown: Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex and the Breastfeeding Mother Paperback – December 6, 2017, Alia Macrina Heise, via la Leche League France

[7] The Mystery of D-MER: What Can Hormonal Research Tell Us About Dysphoric Milk-Ejection Reflex? Clinical Lactation, Uvnas-Moberg, Kerstin, Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen

[8] Réflexe d’éjection dysphorique et autres dysphories liées à l'allaitement, Leche league France

[9] The Mystery of D-MER: What Can Hormonal Research Tell Us About Dysphoric Milk-Ejection Reflex? Clinical Lactation, Uvnas-Moberg, Kerstin, Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen

[10] Hillerer, K. M., Reber, S. O., Neumann, I. D., & Slattery, D. A. (2011). Exposure to chronic pregnancy stress reverses peripartum-associated adaptations: Implications for postpartum anxiety and mood disorders. Endocrinology, 152        10.1210/en.2011-1091    

[11] Kroll-Desrosiers, A. R., Nephew, B. C., Babb, J. A., Guilarte-Walker, Y., Moore Simas, T. A., & Deligiannidis, K. M. (2017). Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year. Depression and Anxiety, 34(2), 137–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22599

[12] Kendall-Tackett, K., Cong, Z., & Hale, T. W. (2015). Birth interventions related to lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding and increased risk of postpartum depression in a large sample. Clinical Lactation, 6(3), 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2158- 0782.6.3.87

[13] Réflexe d’éjection dysphorique et autres dysphories liées à l'allaitement, Leche league France

[14] The Mystery of D-MER: What Can Hormonal Research Tell Us About Dysphoric Milk-Ejection Reflex? Clinical Lactation, Uvnas-Moberg, Kerstin, Kendall-Tackett, Kathleen

[15] Réflexe d’éjection dysphorique et autres dysphories liées à l'allaitement, Leche league France

[16] Bigelow, A., Power, M., MacLellan-Peters, J., Alex, M., & McDonald, C. (2012). Effect of mother/infant skin-to-skin contact on postpartum depressive symptoms and maternal physiological stress. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 41(3), 369–382, 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2012.01350.x    

[17] Wilson-Clay, B., & Hoover, K. (2017). Breastfeeding atlas (6th ed.). Manchaca, TX: LactNews Press.

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