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Allaitement et anesthésie, est-ce compatible ?

Breastfeeding and anaesthesia: are they compatible?

Doctors, nurses and midwives often advise mothers to pump and discard their breast milk for 24 hours after anaesthesia to avoid passing medication to the infant. This advice, though cautious, is probably outdated.

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Doctors, nurses and midwives often advise mothers to pump and discard their breast milk for 24 hours after anaesthesia to avoid passing on any medication to the infant. This advice, whilst cautious, is likely outdated.
Take care mama

De nombreux composés sont compatibles avec l’allaitement. Allez voir sur le site du CRAT pour savoir si un composé spécifique est ok ou non. Un principe général est que la mère peut reprendre l'allaitement une fois qu'elle est réveillée, stable et alerte après l'anesthésie.

Which compounds used in local anaesthesia are considered compatible with breastfeeding?

Les résultats de la recherche sur l’effet de la péridurale sur l’allaitement sont très controversés. Les péridurales sont des outils très efficaces de gestion de la douleur pendant le travail notamment, et de nombreux facteurs peuvent affecter la réussite de l'allaitement. Il est possible que la péridurale soit l'un de ces facteurs, de façon directe si la dose est élevée, ou de façon indirecte en augmentant les accouchements instrumentaux, l’administration d’ocytocine de synthèse, la durée du travail, etc.

However, recent studies show no adverse effect of epidural anaesthesia on the composition of breast milk. For example, one study shows that the compounds lidocaine and bupivacaine for epidural anaesthesia are safe during breastfeeding [1]. It is worth noting that these compounds are not only used for epidural anaesthesia. Lidocaine, for example, is used in dental anaesthesia as well as in throat medicines. 

Regarding fentanyl, it is not detected in breast milk in the post-operative period [2]. However, fentanyl is lipophilic and may potentially be stored in fatty breast tissue and slowly released into breast milk when used for extended periods in the epidural space. 

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Which compounds used in local anaesthesia should be monitored during breastfeeding?

ATTENTION

La mépéridine et la codéine sont à éviter.
La morphine et l’hydromorphone sont à surveiller. 

For the morphine, it may be present in breast milk (at low concentrations) [3] but its metabolite is not found in the plasma of newborns [4]. For morphine, it is advisable to implement frequent monitoring of the mother and infant for sedation and respiratory depression. A more conservative approach is that mothers may breastfeed after the operation as soon as they are sufficiently alert to hold the infant [5].

Hydromorphone is approximately seven times more potent than morphine and can be used for acute and extreme pain via intramuscular, intravenous or oral routes. There are reports of its passage into breast milk; the breastfed infant would receive approximately 0.67% of the hydromorphone dose administered to the mother[6]. Hydromorphone should therefore be taken with caution and under medical supervision.

Did you know?

La douleur nuit à la réussite de l'allaitement. Il existe des anti douleurs compatibles avec l’allaitement, n’hésitez pas à vous renseigner. 

Which local anaesthetic compounds should be avoided whilst breastfeeding?

The meperidine (an opioid) should be avoided due to a theoretically higher risk of neonatal respiratory sedation if taken by breastfeeding mothers during the post-partum period. Cases of cyanosis, bradycardia and apnoea have been reported following its administration [7].

The codeine should not be used by breastfeeding women due to concerns about excessive sedation in some infants [8].

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Which compounds are considered compatible with general anaesthesia during breastfeeding?

The propofol is an agent used for the induction of anaesthesia. In a study of 21 women who received a dose of propofol for a caesarean section, the authors concluded that it could be used in breastfeeding women [9]. 

Similarly, etomidate was evaluated in the breast milk of mothers who had undergone a caesarean section, and the mean breast milk/maternal plasma ratio was observed to be 1.2 after 30 minutes. However, the concentration in breast milk decreased by 75% at 2 hours and was undetectable at 4 hours. The rapid disappearance of etomidate suggests it can be used safely when clinically appropriate for breastfeeding mothers [10].

Among the benzodiazepines, midazolam is the most frequently used by anaesthetists. In a study of breastfeeding mothers, 24 hours after anaesthesia, midazolam was found in breast milk at 0.004% of the maternal dose. The authors concluded that breastfeeding should not be discontinued due to the use of midazolam [11].

The fentanyl given intravenously for general anaesthesia has low bioavailability and a short duration of action; breastfeeding can take place during the postoperative period when the mother is alert, with reasonable preoperative doses of fentanyl [12].

The standard combination for reversing neuromuscular paralysis includes an anticholinesterase (neostigmine) with an anticholinergic (glycopyrrolate). These compounds should not pass into the milk ducts and levels in breast milk are undetectable [13]. 

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Breastfeeding and anaesthesia: are they compatible?

No data available for certain agents

- Ketamine

There are currently no human studies evaluating the transfer of ketamine in breast milk.

- Volatile gases

No study measures the levels of volatile gases in breast milk following the administration of a volatile anaesthetic. Nevertheless, there is evidence that inhaled agents are rapidly excreted and have low bioavailability. This suggests that mothers may resume breastfeeding after inhalation anaesthesia without harmful effects for the infant [14].

- Neuromuscular blocking agents

To date, there are no studies evaluating the transfer of neuromuscular blocking agents in breast milk. It is presumed that these agents do not cross the blood-milk channel membranes and that they have low oral bioavailability, which reinforces their safety for breastfeeding mothers [15].

What are the recommendations for breastfeeding after anaesthesia?

Le CRAT
 

Le CRAT est le centre de référence sur les agents tératogènes. Il indique que “en règle générale, la durée d’action des anesthésiques généraux est brève. Pour la plupart d’entre eux, il n’y a pas de mesure de leur passage dans le lait.” [16]
 

Selon le CRAT, “après une anesthésie générale chez une femme qui allaite, on peut proposer de reprendre l’allaitement dès que la mère est parfaitement réveillée et en mesure de s’occuper de son enfant.”

L’American Society of Anesthesiologists

L'American Society of Anesthesiologists a publié les recommandations suivantes à l'intention des mères qui allaitent et qui doivent subir une intervention chirurgicale [17] :

+ Tous les médicaments anesthésiques et analgésiques passent dans le lait maternel ; toutefois, ils n'y sont présents qu'en petites quantités et à des concentrations très faibles considérées comme cliniquement insignifiantes.
 

+ Les narcotiques et/ou leurs métabolites peuvent être transférés dans le lait maternel à des niveaux légèrement plus élevés ; par conséquent, des mesures doivent être prises pour réduire les besoins en narcotiques en ajoutant d'autres analgésiques, le cas échéant, et en évitant les médicaments qui sont plus susceptibles d'être transférés dans le lait.

+ Comme la douleur nuit à la réussite de l'allaitement, les personnes qui allaitent ne doivent pas éviter les analgésiques après une intervention chirurgicale. Malgré d'excellents résultats en matière de sécurité, les personnes qui allaitent et qui ont besoin d'analgésiques narcotiques doivent toujours surveiller de près le bébé pour déceler les signes de sédation : réveil difficile et/ou respiration ralentie.

+ Lorsque cela est possible, une anesthésie spinale ou péridurale composée d'un anesthésique local et d'un narcotique à action prolongée doit être utilisée pour une césarienne afin de réduire les besoins globaux en analgésiques postopératoires.
 

+ Les mères doivent reprendre l'allaitement dès que possible après l'opération, car les médicaments anesthésiques sont présents en très faibles quantités dans le lait maternel. Il n'est pas recommandé aux femmes de "tirer et jeter". En cas de besoin, vous pouvez prendre un complément alimentaire compatible allaitement pour soutenir votre lactation. 
 

+ Dans la mesure du possible, la chirurgie de jour est préférable pour éviter de perturber les routines normales [18]. Le parent qui allaite doit être prudent lorsqu'il partage son lit ou lorsqu'il dort en nourrissant son enfant sur une chaise, car il risque de ne pas être aussi réactif que d'habitude.

Conclusion

In summary, meperidine should be avoided in breastfeeding mothers. Hydromorphone and morphine should be used with caution, under supervision. No data are available on ketamine to determine whether it can be used concurrently with breastfeeding. The other compounds can in principle be used for breastfeeding mothers. 
 

Given that data are limited, a general principle is that the mother may resume breastfeeding once she is awake, stable and alert following anaesthesia.

Source 1 : Excretion of Lidocaine and Bupivacaine in Breast Milk Following Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery, 1999

Source 2 : Comparison of Epidural Fentanyl with Sufentanil... during Elective Caesarean Section, 1987

Source 3 : Excretion of Morphine in Human Breast Milk, 1989

Source 4 : Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Morphine in Neonates, 1992

Source 5, 15 : Breastfeeding after Anesthesia: A Review for Anesthesia Providers..., 2015

Source 6 : Hydromorphone Transfer into Breast Milk after Intranasal Administration, 2003

Source 7 : Exogenous Opioids in Human Breast Milk and Acute Neonatal Neurobehavior: A Preliminary Study, 1990

Source 8 : Guideline on Anaesthesia and Sedation in Breastfeeding Women 2020, 2020

Source 9 :Intravenous Propofol during Cesarean Section: Placental Transfer and Neonatal Effects, 1989

Source 10 : Thiopentone and Etomidate Concentrations in Maternal and Umbilical Plasma, and in Colostrum, 1992

Source 11 : Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam, Propofol, and Fentanyl Transfer to Human Breast Milk, 2006

Source 12 : Concentration of Fentanyl in Colostrum after an Analgesic Dose, 1992

Source 13 : Course and treatment of myasthenia gravis during pregnancy, 2010

Source 14 : Safety of the Breast-Feeding Infant after Maternal Anesthesia, 2014

Source 16 : Anesthésie générale et allaitement, CRAT (consulté le 21 février 2022)

Source 17 : Statement on Resuming Breastfeeding after Anesthesia, American Society of Anesthesiologists

Source 18 : Guideline on Anaesthesia and Sedation in Breastfeeding Women 2020, 2020

[1] D. Ortega et al., « Excretion of Lidocaine and Bupivacaine in Breast Milk Following Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery », Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 43, no 4 (avril 1999): 394‑97. 10.1034/j.1399-6576.1999.430405.x

[2] T. H. Madej et L. Strunin, « Comparison of Epidural Fentanyl with Sufentanil. Analgesia and Side Effects after a Single Bolus Dose during Elective Caesarean Section », Anaesthesia 42, no 11 (novembre 1987): 1156‑61. 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb05220.x

[3] V. L. Feilberg et al., « Excretion of Morphine in Human Breast Milk », Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 33, no 5 (juillet 1989): 426‑28. 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1989.tb02938.x

[4] P. C. Chay, B. J. Duffy, et J. S. Walker, « Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Morphine in Neonates », Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 51, no 3 (mars 1992): 334‑42. 10.1038/clpt.1992.30

[5] Benjamin Cobb et al., « Breastfeeding after Anesthesia: A Review for Anesthesia Providers Regarding the Transfer of Medications into Breast Milk », Translational perioperative and pain medicine 1, no 2 (2015): 1‑7. PMC4582419

[6] Jeffrey E. Edwards et al., « Hydromorphone Transfer into Breast Milk after Intranasal Administration », Pharmacotherapy 23, no 2 (février 2003): 153‑58. 10.1592/phco.23.2.153.32081

[7] B. Wittels, D. T. Scott, et R. S. Sinatra, « Exogenous Opioids in Human Breast Milk and Acute Neonatal Neurobehavior: A Preliminary Study », Anesthesiology 73, no 5 (novembre 1990): 864‑69. 10.1097/00000542-199011000-00012

[8] J. Mitchell et al., « Guideline on Anaesthesia and Sedation in Breastfeeding Women 2020 », Anaesthesia 75, no 11 (2020): 1482‑93. 10.1111/anae.15179

[9] P. Dailland et al., « Intravenous Propofol during Cesarean Section: Placental Transfer, Concentrations in Breast Milk, and Neonatal Effects. A Preliminary Study », Anesthesiology 71, no 6 (décembre 1989): 827‑34.

[10] Z. Esener et al., « Thiopentone and Etomidate Concentrations in Maternal and Umbilical Plasma, and in Colostrum », British Journal of Anaesthesia 69, no 6 (décembre 1992): 586‑88. 10.1093/bja/69.6.586

[11] Martin Nitsun et al., « Pharmacokinetics of Midazolam, Propofol, and Fentanyl Transfer to Human Breast Milk », Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 79, no 6 (juin 2006): 549‑57. 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.02.010

[12] P. L. Steer et al., « Concentration of Fentanyl in Colostrum after an Analgesic Dose », Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D’anesthesie 39, no 3 (mars 1992): 231‑35. 10.1007/BF03008782

[13] J. Klehmet, J. Dudenhausen, et A. Meisel, « [Course and treatment of myasthenia gravis during pregnancy] », Der Nervenarzt 81, no 8 (août 2010): 956‑62. 10.1212/wnl.52.3.447

[14] Priti G. Dalal, Jodi Bosak, et Cheston Berlin, « Safety of the Breast-Feeding Infant after Maternal Anesthesia », Paediatric Anaesthesia 24, no 4 (avril 2014): 359‑71. 10.1111/pan.12331

[15] Benjamin Cobb et al., « Breastfeeding after Anesthesia: A Review for Anesthesia Providers Regarding the Transfer of Medications into Breast Milk », Translational perioperative and pain medicine 1, no 2 (2015): 1‑7.

[16] « Anesthésie générale et allaitement », CRAT, consulté le 21 février 2022, https://lecrat.fr/spip.php?page=article&id_article=1080.

[17] American society of anesthesiologists, « Statement on Resuming Breastfeeding after Anesthesia ».

[18] J. Mitchell et al., « Guideline on Anaesthesia and Sedation in Breastfeeding Women 2020 », Anaesthesia 75, no 11 (2020): 1482‑93. 10.1111/anae.15179

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